TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual
LOAD
Loads your program into memory, compiling the source file first if necessary.
Format
@LOAD (FROM) /switch(es) source/switch(es) object,...
where:
- switches
are keywords chosen from the list below, indicating your choice of LOAD command options. They have different effects depending on their position in the command line: placed before all files in the command, they act as defaults for all; otherwise they affect only the nearest preceding file.
Defaults are shown in the list of switches
- source
- is the file specification of the source program. The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and the file type of 3 or fewer characters; you cannot use a generation number. This argument is not necessary if you supply an object filespec.
- object
is the file specification of the object program. The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and the file type must be .REL; you cannot use a generation number. This argument is not necessary if you supply a source filespec.
Default (if you give neither source nor object filespecs) - last filespecs and associated switches you gave in a LOAD-class command
Summary of LOAD Command Switches (defaults in boldface)
| /10-BLISS |
| /36-BLISS |
| /68-COBOL |
| /74-COBOL |
| /ABORT |
| /ALGOL |
| /BINARY |
| /COBOL |
| /COMPILE |
| /CREF |
| /CROSS-REFERENCE |
| /DDT |
| /DEBUG |
| /FAIL |
| /FLAG-NON-STANDARD |
| /FORTRAN |
| /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"switch(es)" |
| /LIBRARY |
| /LIST |
| /MAC |
| /MACHINE-CODE |
| /MACRO |
| /MAP |
| /NOBINARY |
| /NOCOMPILE |
| /NOCREF |
| /NOCROSS-REFERENCE |
| /NODEBUG |
| /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD |
| /NOLIBRARY |
| /NOLIST |
| /NOMACHINE-CODE |
| /NOOPTIMIZE |
| /NOSEARCH |
| /NOSTAY |
| /NOSYMBOLS |
| /NOWARNINGS |
| /OPTIMIZE |
| /PASCAL |
| /RELOCATABLE |
| /SAIL |
| /SEARCH |
| /SIMULA |
| /SNOBOL |
| /STAY |
| /SYMBOLS |
| /WARNINGS |
LOAD Command Switches
| /10-BLISS | compiles the file using the BLISS-10 compiler. Default for files of type .B10 and .BLI |
| /36-BLISS | compiles the file using the BLISS-36 compiler. Default for files of type .B36 |
| /68-COBOL | compiles the file using the COBOL-68 compiler. Default for files of type .C68 or .68C |
| /74-COBOL | compiles the file using the COBOL-74 compiler. Default for files of type .C74 or .74C |
| /ABORT | stops a compile if a fatal error is detected and returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level. |
| /ALGOL | compiles the file using the ALGOL compiler. Default for files of type .ALG |
| /BINARY | allows generation of an object (binary) file for each source file given. Default |
| /COBOL | compiles the file using the COBOL compiler, either COBOL-68 or COBOL-74, that your installation has stored in the file SYS:COBOL.EXE. Default for files of type .CBL |
| /COMPILE | forces compilation of the source file even if a current object file already exists. Use this switch along with a /LIST or /CREF switch to obtain listings when you have current object files. |
| /CREF | same as /CROSS-REFERENCE. |
| /CROSS-REFERENCE | creates a file containing cross-reference information for each compilation. The file name is that of the object file; the file type is .CRF. Use the CREF command to obtain a listing of the file. (For COBOL files, the switch automatically produces a cross-reference listing.) See the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for more information about the CREF program. |
| /DDT | loads the DDT debugging program along with your object file. |
| /DEBUG | produces an object file containing debugging information beyond that usually provided during a compilation (for use with FORTRAN programs only, and only if you have not given the /OPTIMIZE switch). |
| /FAIL | compiles the file using the FAIL compiler. Default for files of type .FAI |
| /FLAG-NON-STANDARD | indicates nonstandard syntax in file. |
| /FORTRAN | compiles the file using the FORTRAN compiler. Default in the absence of a standard source file type and a language switch Default for files of type .FOR |
| /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)" | passes the specified switches to the compiler that will process the file(s) to which the switch applies. You must include the switches in double quotation marks (" "). |
| /LIBRARY | same as /SEARCH. |
| /LIST | prints a line printer listing of the program in ASCII format. The name of this listing is the filename of the object file. The /CREF switch overrides /LIST when they both apply to the same file. |
| /MAC | same as /MACRO. |
| /MACHINE-CODE | produces a file containing the generated machine code. The filename is that of the object file; the file type is .LST. For high-level languages. |
| /MACRO | assembles the file using the MACRO assembler. Default for files of type .MAC |
| /MAP | produces a loader map and stores it in the file object.MAP, where object is the name of the module containing the start address; or (if no start address) nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job number. |
| /NOBINARY | prevents generation of an object (binary) file. Use this switch along with /LIST or /CREF to allow these switches to take effect without producing a new object file. |
| /NOCOMPILE | prevents compilation if the associated object file is current; otherwise it forces compilation. Cancels the /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch. Default |
| /NOCREF | same as /NOCROSS-REFERENCE. |
| /NOCROSS-REFERENCE | prevents the creation of a cross-reference file. Default |
| /NODEBUG | excludes special debugging information from your object file. Default |
| /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD | prevents the flagging of non-standard syntax in the file. Default |
| /NOLIBRARY | same as /NOSEARCH. |
| /NOLIST | prevents a line printer listing of the program. Default |
| /NOMACHINE-CODE | prevents generation of a file containing machine code. Default |
| /NOOPTIMIZE | prevents the generation of a globally optimized object file (for FORTRAN programs only). Default |
| /NOSEARCH | requires all modules in the object file library (the file accompanied by this switch in the command line) to be loaded even if they are not called by your program. Cancels the /SEARCH switch. Default |
| /NOSTAY | stops the compiler from being placed in a background fork. Use when /STAY is set as a default for the compiler. |
| /NOSYMBOLS | prevents a symbol table from being loaded along with the object file. |
| /NOWARNINGS | prevents display of warnings for nonfatal errors. |
| /OPTIMIZE | calls for generation of a globally optimized object file, that is, one that runs as quickly as possible (for FORTRAN programs only, and only if you do not also give the /DEBUG switch). |
| /PASCAL | compiles the file using the PASCAL compiler. Default for files of type .PAS |
| /RELOCATABLE | identifies the input file as an object file (regardless of its extension) and prevents compilation of the source file, /RELOCATABLE switch forcing use of an existing object file even if the object file is out of date. Default for files of type .REL |
| /SAIL | compiles the file using the SAIL compiler. Default for files of type .SAI |
| /SEARCH | requires that the object file library (the file accompanied by this switch in the command line) be searched for modules called by your program or by a program subroutine. Only these modules are loaded, along with modules called from the system libraries, which are always searched. |
| /SIMULA | compiles the file using the SIMULA compiler. Default for files of type .SIM |
| /SNOBOL | compiles the file using the SNOBOL compiler. Default for files of type .SNO |
| /STAY | returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level so that you can perform other work while the system continues to load your program. You immediately receive the TOPS-20 prompt (@ or $), and can then issue any user command. Be careful not to send incorrect data to programs expecting terminal input. (Refer to the CONTINUE command, Restrictions: Programs Competing for Terminal Input. This switch saves you from having to: issue a ^T to make sure loading has begun; give a ^C to halt the job; and issue a CONTINUE /STAY command to remain at command level during loading. |
| /SYMBOLS | loads a symbol table along with the object file (helpful for debugging a program). Default |
| /WARNINGS | displays warnings for nonfatal errors. Default |
Characteristics
Compiling New Sources Only
Before loading programs, the system ordinarily compiles any specified source (and only those sources) whose write date is more recent than that of the object file of the same name. You can override this action with the /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.
Using Standard File Types
If you specify source files with standard types (.FOR, .MAC, for example) in a LOAD command, the system automatically calls the appropriate compiler when compilation is necessary. If you specify source files by filename only, the system searches your connected directory for a file of this name and a standard type. To load programs from sources that have nonstandard file types, give a switch to indicate the proper compiler (/FORTRAN, /MACRO, /COBOL, or /ALGOL). A switch will take precedence over a standard file type if they indicate different languages. If no compiler is indicated with either a switch or a standard file type, the FORTRAN compiler is used.
Default Switches Not Passed to Compiler
Only switches specified in a LOAD-class command are passed to the compiler; default switches are not passed. Instead, the system assumes that the defaults for the compiler are the same as the defaults for the LOAD-class command.
Hints
Commas Between Filespecs
If you give two or more filespecs separated by commas as arguments to LOAD, the loaded programs exist in memory at the same time and will operate as a single program. You can use this feature to substitute one module for another under varying conditions or for different applications.
Plus Signs Between Filespecs
If you give two or more source filespecs separated by plus signs (+) as arguments to LOAD, they are compiled together as if they were a single file. Their object module is stored under any filename given as the "object" argument of the command, or (if none) under the last filename in the group and file type .REL.
Indirect Files as Arguments
You can store arguments (source and object filespecs, switches) of a LOAD command in an indirect file, and specify them by typing an at sign (@) and its filespec as a LOAD command argument.
Establishing Default Arguments with the SET Command
You can issue the SET DEFAULT COMPILE-SWITCHES command to set up default global arguments to the LOAD command. Insert this SET command in your COMAND.CMD file to change your own defaults permanently.
Running Link Directly
The LOAD command automatically runs LINK, the system's linking loader, but if you require more control of the loading process you can run LINK directly. See the TOPS-20 LINK Reference Manual.
Using GET Instead of LOAD
If you have used the SAVE command to save your programs in executable format, you can use the GET command instead of LOAD to place them in memory. This is a faster and less expensive means of loading programs into memory.
Wildcards Illegal with LOAD
The LOAD command does not accept wildcard characters (* and %) in a file specification.
Warning - Generation Numbers, Long Filespecs
You must not give generation numbers when specifying source or object files; the system automatically uses the highest generation. Also, most compilers require filenames of 6 or fewer characters and file types of 3 or fewer characters.
Related Commands
| COMPILE, EXECUTE, and DEBUG | other LOAD-class commands for performing related functions |
| SAVE | for saving the loaded program in an .EXE file |
| START | for starting the loaded program |
| SET DEFAULT COMPILE-SWITCHES | for establishing default switches for LOAD-class commands |
| INFORMATION DEFAULTS COMPILE-SWITCHES | for examining default switches established for LOAD-class commands |
Examples
- Load an object file into memory.
@LOAD LSTSQ.REL LINK: LOADING EXIT
- Load the same program, allowing the system to update the
object file if necessary.
@LOAD LSTSQ/FORTRAN FORTRAN: LSTSQ MAIN. LINK: LOADING EXIT
- Load a MACRO program and request a loader map or memory
map. (Notice the filename of this map.)
@LOAD TEST2/MAP MACRO: FT LINK: LOADING EXIT @TDIRECTORY WRITE PS:<LATTA> FT.MAP.1 6-APR-85 15:23:17 TEST2.REL - Load a COBOL program, forcing a new compilation that
includes only the required modules. Request a map.
@LOAD /MAP TEST1/COMPILE, COBLIB/SEARCH COBOL: DBL [TEST1.CBL] LINK: LOADING EXIT
- Compile a program. Then load it, requesting a
cross-reference listing this time. Finally, save the
program in executable format.
@COMPILE TEST1/COBOL COBOL: DBL [TEST1.CBL] @LOAD /COMPILE/CREF COBOL: DBL [TEST1.CBL] LINK: LOADING EXIT @SAVE TEST1.EXE.1 SAVED
- Combine two FORTRAN sources into an object program under
a new name. Start this program.
@LOAD LSTSQ+ABRR REGRES FORTRAN: LSTSQ MAIN. MAIN. LINK: LOADING EXIT @START
- Create an indirect file, and use it to load several
modules at once. Request cross-reference files, then give
the CREF command to turn these into listings.
@CREATE SERVTT.CMD INPUT: PS:SERVTT.CMD.1 00100 HJRAD/COMPILE, FORLIB/SEARCH 00200 HJVTT/COMPILE, FORLIB/SEARCH 00300 HJINI/RELOCATABLE 00400 $ *E [SERVTT.CMD.1] @LOAD /CREF @SERVTT.CMD FORTRAN:HJRAD MAIN. FORTRAN: HJVTT MAIN. LINK: LOADING EXIT @CREF CREF: HJRAD CREF: HJVTT @